What is Glaucoma?
Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, often due to increased pressure inside the eye (intraocular pressure or IOP). This pressure buildup can gradually lead to vision loss and, if untreated, may cause irreversible blindness. Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide, but with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, vision can often be preserved.
Symptoms of Glaucoma
Glaucoma is often called the “silent thief of sight” because it may not show symptoms until significant damage has occurred. Common signs include:
- Gradual loss of peripheral (side) vision
- Blurred vision or seeing halos around lights
- Eye pain or redness (especially in acute angle-closure glaucoma)
- Nausea and vomiting (in acute attacks)
Since symptoms are subtle or absent in early stages, regular eye check-ups are essential, especially for those over 40 or with a family history of glaucoma.
especially for those over 40 or with a family history of glaucoma.
Causes of Glaucoma
The primary cause of glaucoma is increased intraocular pressure due to poor or blocked drainage of aqueous humor (the fluid inside the eye).
- Family history of glaucoma
- Ageing
- Diabetes
- Eye injuries or inflammation
Prolonged use of steroid medications
Types of Glaucoma
Understanding the type of glaucoma is key to planning treatment. The main types include:
- Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: Most common and develops slowly over time.
- Angle-Closure Glaucoma: A medical emergency that occurs suddenly.
- Normal-Tension Glaucoma: Optic nerve damage occurs despite normal eye pressure.
- Secondary Glaucoma: Caused by another eye condition or trauma.
Congenital Glaucoma: Present at birth due to abnormal eye development.
Prevention of Glaucoma
While glaucoma cannot always be prevented, early detection can significantly reduce the risk of vision loss. Preventive tips include:
- Regular comprehensive eye exams
- Managing underlying health conditions like diabetes or hypertension
- Using prescribed eye drops consistently if diagnosed
- Protecting eyes from injury
- Avoiding prolonged use of corticosteroids without supervision
If you've been diagnosed with glaucoma or are at high risk, surgery may be recommended when medications or laser treatments are insufficient. Glaucoma surgery aims to lower IOP and prevent further optic nerve damage, preserving your sight for the future.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQS)
What’s the difference between open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma?
Open-angle glaucoma develops slowly and painlessly, with a gradual loss of peripheral vision. Angle-closure glaucoma occurs suddenly, with symptoms like eye pain, redness, and nausea, it’s a medical emergency.
What is ‘tunnel vision’ in glaucoma?
Tunnel vision refers to the loss of side (peripheral) vision, where you can only see what’s directly in front of you. It’s a common sign of advanced glaucoma.
How common is glaucoma?
Glaucoma affects millions worldwide and is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness, especially in people over 40. It often runs in families.
Can glaucoma be cured?
There’s no permanent cure for glaucoma, but with early treatment, like eye drops, laser, or surgery, vision loss can be slowed or prevented.
Is glaucoma surgery painful?
No, glaucoma surgery is typically not painful. It’s done under local anaesthesia, and most patients experience only mild discomfort during recovery.